Cappadocia, located in central Turkey, is a region famous for its surreal landscapes of fairy chimneys, rocky valleys, and ancient human settlements. While its hot air balloon rides steal the spotlight, one of the region's most fascinating aspects lies below the surface:
Cappadocia’s underground cities and ancient caves. These subterranean structures, carved over thousands of years, offer a glimpse into the region’s rich history, architecture, and way of life. In this guide, we explore the best places to visit for an unforgettable underground experience, detailing the unique features of each location and their historical importance.
The Fascinating History of Cappadocia's Underground Cities
Cappadocia’s underground cities are not just architectural wonders but also historical sanctuaries. These underground havens date back thousands of years and were used by various civilizations, including the Phrygians, Hittites, Romans, and early Christians. During periods of invasion, residents sought refuge in these labyrinthine cities, which were capable of housing thousands of people for extended periods. Beyond being mere shelters, these underground cities featured kitchens, churches, storage rooms, and ventilation systems, making them fully functioning communities beneath the earth.
The most well-known underground cities—such as Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı—are marvels of ancient engineering, and several lesser-known but equally intriguing cave settlements offer further insights into the region’s history. Let’s dive into the must-visit places for exploring these ancient wonders.
1. Derinkuyu Underground City: The Largest and Deepest Wonder
Derinkuyu is the largest and deepest underground city discovered in Cappadocia so far, plunging about 85 meters (279 feet) into the earth. With its vast network of tunnels, rooms, and ventilation shafts, it could accommodate up to 20,000 people, along with their livestock and supplies. Derinkuyu offers a mesmerizing glimpse into the survival strategies of ancient inhabitants.
Highlights of Derinkuyu:
Multi-level structure: The city has eight accessible levels, with each level serving a specific purpose, such as living spaces, chapels, stables, and food storage areas.
Communal spaces: Visitors can explore the communal kitchens, wine cellars, and a school, which give insight into the daily lives of the people.
Ventilation shafts: A sophisticated ventilation system ensured a constant supply of fresh air, which was crucial for extended stays underground.
Defense mechanisms: Narrow tunnels and hidden trapdoors were used to defend the city from invaders, giving Derinkuyu an edge in times of siege.
Derinkuyu is a must-see location for history lovers, offering a deeper understanding of how humans adapted to harsh conditions by retreating underground.
2. Kaymaklı Underground City: A Maze of Rooms and Passageways
Just 20 kilometers from Derinkuyu, Kaymaklı Underground City is another awe-inspiring destination. Though smaller than Derinkuyu, Kaymaklı is known for its intricate system of narrow passageways and small living spaces carved from soft volcanic rock. This city is estimated to have housed around 15,000 people at its peak, with four floors open to visitors today.
What Makes Kaymaklı Unique:
Residential design: Many of the rooms in Kaymaklı were used as homes, giving visitors a sense of what life would have been like underground.
Winemaking tradition: Kaymaklı is known for its wine production areas, with grape presses and storage rooms hinting at the importance of wine in daily life and religious ceremonies.
Defensive tunnels: The narrow, low tunnels in Kaymaklı were designed to slow down intruders, allowing residents time to prepare defenses.
Proximity to other sites: Its location makes Kaymaklı an ideal stop along with a visit to nearby attractions, such as the Ihlara Valley.
Kaymaklı is ideal for those looking to explore a more intimate underground city experience with a focus on day-to-day living and ancient traditions.
3. Özkonak Underground City: A Hidden Gem with Unique Features
Özkonak Underground City, situated about 14 kilometers from the town of Avanos, offers a smaller yet fascinating alternative to Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı. Özkonak is believed to have been a military outpost and features some unique defensive mechanisms not found in other underground cities.
Notable Aspects of Özkonak:
Hidden defense systems: Özkonak’s tunnels include small holes in the walls, which were used to pour hot oil or water on invaders—a feature that sets it apart from other underground cities.
Communication system: The complex network of tunnels connected different sections of the city, and a system of pipe-like channels allowed residents to communicate between floors.
Less crowded: Özkonak is a less touristy location, offering a quieter and more personal exploration experience for visitors seeking to avoid large crowds.
While Özkonak is smaller, its ingenious design and military focus make it a worthwhile stop for those interested in ancient warfare and engineering.
4. Gaziemir Underground Village: A Caravanserai Underground
Unlike other underground cities designed solely as places of refuge, Gaziemir Underground Village functioned as a caravanserai—a rest stop for traders along the Silk Road. Located near the town of Niğde, Gaziemir offers visitors a glimpse into the life of merchants and travelers.
What to See at Gaziemir:
Caravanserai chambers: Spacious rooms once housed traveling merchants and their goods, reflecting the commercial significance of Cappadocia in ancient trade networks.
Communal spaces: The site includes a communal dining hall and mosque, indicating that religious practices and social gatherings were part of daily life.
Less-explored site: As a lesser-known underground destination, Gaziemir offers a unique and off-the-beaten-path experience.
5. Ihlara Valley: A Canyon of Caves and Churches
While Ihlara Valley is not an underground city, its rock-carved caves and churches make it an essential part of any exploration of Cappadocia’s ancient heritage. The valley stretches for about 14 kilometers along the Melendiz River, with hundreds of caves and early Christian churches carved into its canyon walls.
Exploring Ihlara Valley:
Rock churches: Many of the caves in Ihlara were used as places of worship. Notable churches like the Ağaçaltı (Under the Tree) Church and Snake Church feature well-preserved frescoes.
Natural beauty: The lush vegetation along the river contrasts beautifully with the arid landscape above, making it a perfect spot for hiking and photography.
Ancient monasteries: Some of the caves served as monasteries for hermits, who sought spiritual isolation in the valley’s remote locations.
Ihlara Valley offers visitors the chance to combine cultural exploration with nature, making it an essential stop for those looking to experience both history and scenic beauty.
6. Uchisar Castle: The Highest Point with Underground Elements
Located in the heart of Cappadocia, Uchisar Castle is a natural rock fortress that has been hollowed out to serve as both a defensive stronghold and residential area. Though it isn’t a traditional underground city, Uchisar’s interior tunnels and rooms connect with the underground networks below, adding to its intrigue.
Features of Uchisar Castle:
Panoramic views: As the highest point in Cappadocia, Uchisar offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.
Tunnels and rooms: The castle features underground chambers and storage rooms, which once connected to nearby cave networks.
Photography hotspot: Uchisar Castle is an excellent location for sunset photography, thanks to its elevated position.
Practical Tips for Exploring Cappadocia’s Underground Cities and Caves
Wear comfortable shoes: Exploring these ancient sites often involves climbing narrow stairs and navigating uneven surfaces.
Bring a flashlight: Although most areas are well-lit, having a flashlight can enhance your experience, especially in the darker sections.
Go with a guide: Hiring a guide is recommended to better understand the history, architecture, and stories behind these ancient structures.
Plan your visit off-peak: To avoid crowds, visit popular cities like Derinkuyu early in the morning or late in the afternoon.
Stay hydrated: Although underground, the cities can become warm during peak seasons. Bring water to stay refreshed.
Discover the Mysteries of Cappadocia’s Subterranean World
Cappadocia’s underground cities and ancient caves are testaments to human ingenuity, resilience, and the desire for safety and survival. Each site offers a unique glimpse into the lives of ancient peoples, from the massive Derinkuyu to the trade-oriented Gaziemir. Whether you’re drawn to Cappadocia’s defensive architecture, spiritual sites, or off-the-beaten-path experiences, the region’s underground wonders promise to leave visitors captivated by their beauty and history.
7. Çavuşin Village: A Blend of Rock Houses and Cave Churches
Çavuşin Village, located between Avanos and Göreme, is one of the oldest settlements in Cappadocia, famous for its rock-cut homes and churches. Although it is primarily known as an above-ground village, many of its structures extend deep into the rock, creating a unique blend of surface and subterranean architecture. Over the centuries, early Christians used these caves and houses as places of worship and refuge.
Highlights of Çavuşin Village:
Church of St. John the Baptist: This is one of the largest churches in Cappadocia, dating back to the 5th century. It offers beautiful views of the valley below, though the hike up involves narrow passages through rock tunnels.
Ancient homes: Visitors can explore some of the abandoned rock houses, which provide insight into how people lived in the carved dwellings.
Quiet exploration: Çavuşin is much quieter than more popular spots, making it an excellent choice for those seeking a less crowded experience.
A visit to Çavuşin is perfect for those interested in exploring both religious and residential cave structures while enjoying scenic views of the surrounding landscape.
8. The Dark Church (Karanlık Kilise): A Masterpiece of Frescoes
Located inside the Göreme Open-Air Museum, the Dark Church (Karanlık Kilise) is an ancient rock-cut church that stands out for its well-preserved frescoes. The church dates back to the 11th century, and its frescoes remain vibrant because of minimal exposure to sunlight, hence the name "Dark Church."
What to Discover at the Dark Church:
Exceptional frescoes: The walls and ceilings are covered with scenes from the Bible, including depictions of Christ’s life, angels, and saints.
Architectural details: The church features several chambers, including a main nave, small side chapels, and domed ceilings.
Intimate atmosphere: As one of the less accessible churches, entry is limited to reduce wear and tear, ensuring a quieter and more private experience for visitors.
The Dark Church is a must-visit for art enthusiasts, offering a glimpse into the Byzantine religious artistry that flourished in Cappadocia’s caves.
9. The Monastery of Selime: A Rock Cathedral and Fortress
Located near the Ihlara Valley, the Selime Monastery is an expansive rock-carved complex that served both religious and military purposes. It is the largest religious structure in Cappadocia, resembling a cathedral and offering a commanding view of the valley below.
What Makes Selime Monastery Unique:
Combination of functions: The monastery housed monks, soldiers, and traders, blending religious and practical uses in one large complex.
Cathedral-sized chapel: The main church is large enough to be called a rock cathedral, with high ceilings and intricate arches carved into the stone.
Defense elements: Selime Monastery’s strategic location and design made it a fortress, providing a safe haven during invasions.
The majestic scale of Selime Monastery makes it a standout site, showcasing how religious devotion and military strategy coexisted in Cappadocia.
10. The Tatlarin Underground City: A Hidden Treasure off the Beaten Path
Tatlarin Underground City, located near Nevşehir, is one of the lesser-known underground cities but offers an authentic and uncrowded experience. This site is notable for its religious spaces and military elements, suggesting it may have functioned both as a refuge and a monastery.
Key Attractions at Tatlarin Underground City:
Monastic elements: The underground complex includes chapels and rooms for meditation, indicating a strong spiritual purpose.
Storage areas: Large storerooms, which were used for grain and wine storage, hint at the importance of agriculture and winemaking to the community.
Off-the-beaten-path appeal: Fewer visitors make this city an ideal spot for those seeking solitude and deeper exploration.
Tatlarin offers a more peaceful exploration experience and is ideal for visitors looking to avoid the tourist crowds while discovering hidden aspects of Cappadocia’s heritage.
An Underground Adventure Awaits
Cappadocia’s underground cities and ancient caves tell the story of human resilience and creativity, carved from volcanic rock and designed for survival. From the sprawling depths of Derinkuyu to the spiritual sanctuaries of the Dark Church and the trade-focused Gaziemir Underground Village, every site offers a unique perspective on life in ancient Cappadocia. These subterranean wonders aren’t just marvels of engineering—they are places where religion, commerce, and survival intersected in fascinating ways.
Whether you're interested in exploring ancient defenses, admiring frescoes, or understanding how communities thrived underground, Cappadocia offers a diverse and unforgettable experience. With so many underground cities and caves to explore, you’re guaranteed to leave with a deeper appreciation for the rich cultural and historical legacy hidden beneath this remarkable region.